Name: 
 

Ch3 Psychological Development



Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
 

 1. 

The "nature" component of the "nature-nurture" question refers to
a.
our genetic endowment.
b.
the environment in which we are raised.
c.
a combination of genetics and the environment.
d.
the personality tendencies that we acquire as we age.
 

 2. 

A stage theory of development proposes that
a.
all individuals go through the same stages, in the same order.
b.
all individuals go through the same stages, but can do so in differing orders.
c.
because the appearance of stages is due to maturation, the environment has no influence on the speed with which individuals move through them.
d.
development is best characterized as smooth and continuous.
 

 3. 

The sensory systems of the newborn
a.
are all functional at birth, but vary in their degree of development.
b.
develop at approximately the same rate.
c.
are all functional at birth and then improve to adult levels within the first six months.
d.
are all at adult sensitivity levels within hours of birth.
 

 4. 

‘If an infant stops responding to a stimulus after several presentations and begins paying attention again when a new stimulus is presented, it is reasonable to conclude that the infant
a.
can discriminate between the two stimuli.
b.
has dishabituated to the first stimulus.
c.
has habituated to the second stimulus.
d.
prefers the second stimulus to the first.
 

 5. 

Research has show that an infant's memory for specific word sounds
a.
may predispose infants to respond to different situations in the same way.
b.
develops by the age of 2.
c.
is genetically controlled for specific languages.
d.
develops in the uterus.
 

 6. 

Thumbing through a picture book, identifying a wide variety of zoo animals would be good exercise for a child to practice
a.
operational thinking.
b.
object permanence.
c.
conservation.
d.
assimilation and accommodation of schemata.
 

 7. 

According to Piaget, children's thinking is
a.
qualitatively different at different stages.
b.
quantitatively different at different stages.
c.
not affected by their experiences.
d.
the result of observation and imitation of developmentally more advanced children.
 

 8. 

According to Piaget, children actively experiment with the world and create "theories" or _____ about how the physical and social worlds operate.
a.
schemes
c.
stages
b.
operations
d.
cognitions
 

 9. 

Accommodation is the process of
a.
organizing existing mental schemata into larger networks.
b.
modifying existing schemata in light of new information.
c.
understanding new information in light of existing schemata.
d.
understanding the permanence of unseen objects.
 

 10. 

Which concept is an important discovery made by the infant during Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
a.
logical sequences
c.
conservation of mass and number
b.
objects exist even if they are out of sight
d.
the usefulness of operations
 

 11. 

Which of the following would illustrate a child's lack of object permanence?
a.
making faces at her older brother
c.
crying when dog leaves the room
b.
clutching the ear of favored stuffed toy
d.
crying when a toy is out of reach
 

 12. 

According to Piaget, an operation is
a.
a mental routine for transforming information.
b.
a conclusion that the amount of something remains the same despite its appearance.
c.
the ability to hypothesize about the abstract.
d.
evident in the cognitions of children beginning at about 1 year of age.
 

 13. 

According to Piaget's theory, if you can form a complete mental representation of the route to the grocery store, you have displayed
a.
concrete operational thought.
c.
reversibility.
b.
preoperational thought.
d.
conservation of area.
 

 14. 

Piaget's theory of cognitive development has been criticized for
a.
underestimating the abilities of young children.
b.
incorrectly predicting the order of the stages.
c.
its overemphasis on the socio-cultural influence on cognitive development.
d.
its lack of appreciation for individual differences in progression through the stages of cognitive development.
 

 15. 

Proponents of knowledge-acquisition approaches to cognitive development would argue that cognitive development
a.
involves the acquisition of qualitatively different stages of processing.
b.
relies on the acquisition of larger and larger collections of facts.
c.
relies on the acquisition of several separate information-processing skills.
d.
involves the increasing ability to organize domain-specific knowledge bases.
 

 16. 

At around 4 years-of-age, a child begins to understand that people's thoughts and beliefs affect their behaviors. This is the beginning of the child's development of
a.
formal operational thinking.
c.
theory of mind.
b.
moral realism.
d.
concrete operational thinking.
 

 17. 

Piaget referred to a child's belief that rules are permanent and handed down from some higher authority who will exact a punishment for any transgression as
a.
concrete morality.
c.
moral relativism.
b.
moral realism.
d.
concrete operational thinking.
 

 18. 

The age at which distress over separation from the caregiver appears
a.
is similar for all infants across all cultures and types of child-rearing practices.
b.
depends on whether the infant has experienced fearful separations from the caregivers.
c.
peaks at about 7 or 8 months.
d.
is earlier than the appearance of stranger anxiety.
 

 19. 

A firm sense of themselves as either male or female is described as a child's
a.
sex typing.
c.
gender constancy.
b.
gender identity.
d.
sexual constancy.
 

 20. 

Kevin tells his mother, "I am a boy, so I want to do boy things."  Which theory of gender identity development is best represented by Kevin's statement?
a.
psychoanalytic
c.
cognitive developmental
b.
social-learning
d.
gender schema
 



 
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