Multiple Choice Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Learning can be defined as
a. | a change in behavior. | b. | an observable change in behavior resulting from
experiences in the environment. | c. | a relatively permanent change in behavior
resulting from experience. | d. | the relatively permanent acquisition of
information through study. |
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2.
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In _____, an organism to ignore a stimulus that has become familiar.
a. | habituation | c. | operant conditioning | b. | classical conditioning | d. | complex
learning |
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3.
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The smoke alarm occasionally goes off when you are cooking. The first time this
happens your dog whines and becomes frightened. Each succeeding time the alarm sounds, the dog
gets more frightened. The dog is showing what basic kind of learning?
a. | disassociative | c. | sensitization | b. | associative | d. | habituation |
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4.
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In complex learning
a. | classical conditioning occurs. | b. | operant conditioning
occurs. | c. | habituation always is apparent. | d. | something must be formed in addition to simple
associations. |
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5.
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Ivan Pavlov is important in psychology because he
a. | discovered the principles of classical conditioning. | b. | discovered the
principles of operant conditioning. | c. | was the first to understand the implications of
classical conditioning for drug tolerance. | d. | won a Nobel prize for his work in animal
digestion. |
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6.
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An unconditioned stimulus is one that
a. | produces no automatic response from the learner before conditioning takes
place. | b. | is produced by an unconditioned response. | c. | an organism will
respond to automatically before conditioning takes place. | d. | produces a
conditioned response after conditioning has taken place. |
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7.
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How does an unconditioned stimulus differ from a conditioned stimulus?
a. | The animal cannot perceive the unconditioned stimulus until it has been transduced
into a different type of energy. | b. | The response to an unconditioned stimulus must
be taught, while the response to a conditioned stimulus is innate. | c. | The response to a
conditioned stimulus while the response to the unconditioned stimulus is
spontaneous. | d. | All of the above are correct. |
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8.
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Good evidence that human fears may be acquired through classical conditioning is
that
a. | physiological responses that accompany fear may be induced by techniques based on
classical conditioning principles. | b. | any human fear will extinguish if left
unreinforced for a long enough period of time. | c. | second-order conditioning is ineffective
against human fears. | d. | the vasoconstriction response can be
classically conditioned. |
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9.
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Fear of various objects or events can readily be created and treated through the
use of
a. | habituation. | c. | avoidance conditioning. | b. | classical
conditioning. | d. | operant
conditioning. |
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10.
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College students have been known to work very hard during the summer months to
make money for the upcoming school year. Money, though, has little intrinsic value except that it can
be use to acquire other things that are considered to be of value. The ability of money to elicit
hard work is called _____.
a. | sensitization | c. | reinforcement | b. | non-associative learning | d. | second-order
conditioning |
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11.
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Discrimination learning is accomplished through the use of
a. | differential reinforcement. | c. | punishment. | b. | negative
reinforcement. | d. | conditioned
fear. |
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12.
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Your little brother loves to sneak up behind and scare you. Based upon your
knowledge of classical conditioning, what would be the result of not knowing he was ready to scare
you?
a. | you will be less frightened | c. | your fright will be
greater | b. | there will be no effect | d. | either a or b will occur |
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13.
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Kelly's refusal to eat Mexican food, which developed shortly after she
caught food poisoning at the campus cafeteria on taco night, could be considered a(n)
a. | conditioned stimulus. | c. | unconditioned response. | b. | conditioned
response. | d. | unconditioned
stimulus. |
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14.
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B.F. Skinner is important in psychology because he
a. | developed the principles of classical conditioning. | b. | formulated the law
of effect. | c. | conducted research which suggests a cognitive component to
learning. | d. | developed the principles of operant conditioning. |
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15.
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A _____ is a consequence which increases the likelihood that the preceding
behavior will occur again.
a. | reinforcement | c. | discriminative stimulus | b. | punishment | d. | conditioned stimulus |
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16.
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Because you enjoy talking with your best friend, she can modify your behavior by
refusing to speak to you each time you smoke a cigarette in her presence. She is using an operant
conditioning technique called _____.
a. | negative reinforcement | c. | extinction | b. | punishment | d. | reinforcement |
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17.
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Stimuli which act as reinforcers because they are related to basic biological
needs are called
a. | primary reinforcers. | c. | secondary reinforcers. | b. | conditioned
reinforcers. | d. | conditioned
stimuli. |
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18.
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Partial reinforcement refers to
a. | occasional, unpredictable punishment for previously reinforced
responses. | b. | learning responses that serve the function of escape from aversive
stimuli. | c. | increasing the specificity of responses required to earn a
reinforcement. | d. | the fact that behavior can be conditioned when reinforced only some of the
time. |
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19.
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In _____, a non-event, or the failure of an event to occur, is the
reinforcer.
a. | classical conditioning | c. | avoidance learning | b. | operant conditioning | d. | escape learning |
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20.
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Your prior beliefs about relationships between two variables may lead you to
make nonexistent but plausible relationships called
a. | learned associations. | c. | conditioned responses. | b. | spurious
associations. | d. | selective
associations. |
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